The former player: 'I really wanted to continue my rugby career'
Important note: This piece contains details of racially offensive comments and behaviour
FormerEngland centre Luther Burrell states that speaking out to reveal racism in rugby union brought his career to an premature conclusion.
In a 2022 interview, Burrell characterized racism as being "widespread" in the game, displaying digital communications and recalling training ground "jokes" he had been exposed to while representing Newcastle.
Then 34 and out of contract, Burrell's only professional rugby since has been three appearances with invitational side the Barbarians.
"I've have definitely had to retire because of what occurred," he told reporters.
"I really hoped to carry on competing, naturally I did. I pursued that, and it fell through when news emerged that there were investigations going on.
"This situation was challenging - I had to just come to terms with the fate and understand that this entire situation is a lot bigger than me."
A sports organization report in April 2023 found Burrell's claims were accurate "on the balance of probability", but said it could not collect sufficient proof to definitively say they occurred at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell played in all of England's international games in 2014-15, but was controversially excluded for their squad for the 2015 tournament
Burrell told media he also encountered discrimination within the England team environment, during a international career that saw him earn 15 caps after his first game in February 2014.
"I have had several distressing experiences within the national team," he said.
"Some discrimination and some just old-school mentality that's really inappropriate."
Racism had become normalised in dressing rooms, in Burrell's experience.
"This is something that has been dressed up as banter and that's been the issue that I've personally suffered and witnessed," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican heritage.
"During a period of time you just learn to believe that it's the standard and that is fine and that it's not malicious, but that's nonsense."
Burrell explains he was finally spurred to speak out after a team-mate at Newcastle referred to him as a "enslaved person" and told him to put sunscreen on his arms and legs "where chains would be placed."
The rugby authority said Burrell's disclosures had led to "increased scrutiny at the environment within the professional level and to the introduction of an strategy for the elite level."
"We has placed considerable focus on inclusion and diversity in the sport and a substantial amount of work undertaken both before and since Luther Burrell came forward and revealed his experiences of racism and classism," it continued.
"The organization are continuing work with teams and stakeholders in the elite level to strive for a environment of inclusivity but acknowledge this takes time and is an ongoing process."
All Premiership and women's rugby club now has in-person training on creating welcoming cultures, with its success monitored via specific documentation and surveys.
All England players, including youth squads, are trained in being "engaged observers" to step in and protect others from damaging behaviour.
"You should be so proud of what you have accomplished," Burrell's mother Joyce told him as part of the documentary about his experiences.
"We know it has had this impact on you and finished your career, but in our eyes, you have achieved so well. We are so proud of you and to have you as a son."
Burrell's father Geoff died soon after the production of the documentary, and his sibling passed away recently.
Burrell, who was raised on a social housing in his hometown, maintains his work to make the game more open.
His charitable organization aims to connect with children in disadvantaged communities and help them thrive both on the field with complimentary sports coaching, guidance and dietary education.
"My motivations are pure, I want to see the progress of the game and if nobody else is prepared to share their experience then I'll persist to advocate for that cause because I'm not just doing this for my own benefit," he said.
"Everyone involved have an responsibility to make the game as great as it can be and the more I talk about it perhaps the more confident fellow players will feel about sharing their own experiences as well.
"I need to grab the challenge by the horns and keep carrying this banner and keep carrying this responsibility and do what I can to create possibilities and make the game more appealing and more welcoming.
"There's a lot of disadvantaged children and a lot of poverty and I sincerely believe that the sport has the potential to change their lives, just as it transformed things for me."
Burrell scored for the Barbarians on a return to previous team Northampton in late 2022